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                  <text>Other Heritage Buildings</text>
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                  <text>Other heritage buildings (mainly residential) situated in Cyprus.&#13;
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              <text>Photos taken by Ioannis Ioannou, University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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                <text>Listed Monument (Plot 345), Pera Orinis</text>
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                <text>Listed monument building located in the village of Pera Orinis (ca. 280 m from the river Pedieos). The locals refer to this building as “&lt;em&gt;Kafenedes tou Christou&lt;/em&gt;” (Christos coffeeshop). In fact, the building used to serve as a traditional coffeeshop and trade center for the village before the 1950s. On the monument, there is an inscription ‘’1894 Τ.Π.’’, which is likely the date that the structure was originally built.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The building seems to have been built in different phases and it consists of 3 parts; 2 typical double spaces (&lt;em&gt;dichoro&lt;/em&gt;), each with an arch in the middle, and an L-shape 2 story building. It has an interior garden space with an exterior stone staircase leading to the (second story) upper floor, where the bedrooms were originally located. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main construction material is local (igneous and sedimentary) stone. The upper floor is constructed with mud bricks. Tests performed in-situ with a Rebound Hammer, as per ASTM C805 and ASTM D5873, to estimate the strength of various stone blocks, resulted in an average compressive strength &amp;gt;100 MPa for the basalt and dolerite and 5-15 MPa for the limestone. Gypsum mortars were also identified based on XRD analyses. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aforementioned tests were carried out in 2024, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of the monument. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by SYRITA HOMES, owner of the monument.</text>
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 SYRITA HOMES</text>
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
SYRITA HOMES</text>
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              <text>Photos taken by Rogiros Illampas, University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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                <text>The Cami-I Kebir Mosque, which is located at the Mouttalos area of Ktima-Paphos, had been originally a Christian Orthodox Church dedicated to Agia Sophia. The church was converted into a mosque during the Ottoman period, and a minaret was added to its southwestern corner.&#13;
&#13;
The monument is built in calcareous stone with compressive strength (EN 1926) in the range of 5-9 MPa and splitting tensile strength (ASTM D3967-01) around 1 MPa. &#13;
&#13;
The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stone were carried out in 2016, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of the Cami-I Kebir Mosque. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by Chrysanthos Pissarides (Architect) and Paris Skouloukos (Civil Engineer), on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme – Partnership for the Future, which is funded by the European Union.</text>
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              <text>Photos taken by Ioannis Ioannou, University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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                <text>Agios Artemon, Afaneia</text>
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                <text>The Agios Artemon Church in Afaneia/Gaziköy (also known as the Church of St. George) dates back to the Latin period (15th century). It is a two-aisled church, with the south one being the older; the north aisle was added to the structure some time between the 15th and 16th century. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The church is home to numerous historic artifacts. Prior to its recent restoration, a sarcophagus was found in the church, while during the restoration, which was completed in 2019, UNDP-PFF experts discovered Arabic graffiti on one of the walls; this was written by a Maronite priest from Lebanon during his visit in the 19th century. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The monument is built with carbonate stones of different appearance, structure, texture and physico-mechanical properties. Their main properties are summarized below: 
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 1550-2580 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 2-39%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (EN 1926): 12.0-94.2 MPa  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stone were carried out in 2017, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of the Agios Artemon Church. Sampling and testing were assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by the United Nations Development &lt;br /&gt;Programme – Partnership for the Future, which is funded by the European Union.</text>
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                <text>The Archontiko (Mansion) of Axiothea is located in the old town of Lefkosia (Nicosia, within the walls), close to the Green Line. This listed two-storey building, which hosts the Cultural Center of the University of Cyprus, is a typical example of urban architecture of the 18th century (Ottoman period). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The monument is built with a local calcarenite (or unsorted biosparite), quarried from the Pliocene-age Nicosia Formation. This stone has a large average grain size and it is very loosely cemented, resulting in a coarse, friable texture. Its compressive strength (estimated following in-situ measurements with the DRMS on the drums of the columns supporting the arches of the loggia/iliakos) ranges between 1.5-23.5 MPa, with the vast majority of the measurements lying &amp;lt;10 MPa. Values &amp;gt;10 MPa possibly reflect superficial hardening of the stone and should not be considered representative of this stone. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the compressive strength of the monument's stone were carried out in 2022 by staff of the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories, following a request by the Technical Services of the University of Cyprus, in agreement with the Civil Engineer (Themos Demetriou) responsible for the structural assessment of the building.</text>
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                  <text>Religious Monuments</text>
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                <text>Orounta Mosque, Nicosia</text>
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                <text>The mosque in Orounta/Orunda village in Nicosia was built in different phases between the 19th and 20th centuries. The complex actually consists of three buildings: the mosque, a secondary building and the school building. The mosque was heavily reconstructed in 1889, while a second restoration took place shortly after 1927. In December 2021, the Technical Committee on Cultural Heritage began conservation works to preserve the monument; these were completed in August 2022.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The monument is built with igneous rocks originating from the Troodos Ophiolite Complex. Their main properties are summarized below: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 2750-2790 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 0.75-1.05%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (based on in-situ Schmidt hammer measurements): 185-295 MPa  &lt;/li&gt;
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The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stone were carried out in 2020, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of Orounta Mosque. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</text>
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              <text>Photos taken by Ioannis Ioannou, University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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                <text>Agios Philon Church, Karpasia</text>
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                <text>The church of Agios Philon/Ayfilon in Karpasia/Karpaz was built in the 12th century, on top of a much earlier, possibly 5th century, Christian basilica. The monument, which is now in ruinous condition, is a typical domed Byzantine church, with a three-part apse and a courtyard surrounded by columns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The masonry of the church comprises of local bioclastic coarse grained ashlar limestones with the following characteristics:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 1570-1730 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 34-41%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (EN 1926): 3.5-8.0 MPa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stones were carried out in 2018, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of the Agios Philon/Ayfilon Church in Karpasia/Karpaz. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by the United Nations Development Programme – Partnership for the Future, which is funded by the European Union.</text>
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                  <text>Modernist Buildings</text>
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                <text>The Pedieos Post Office in Nicosia was one of the first post office buildings constructed in Cyprus. Its construction, according to the State Archive, was completed in 1964 and it is operating normally since then, without interruption. The building is a single-storey structure that covers an area of 140 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. It is located about 300 m from the Pedieos river, in an area which is characterized by a multitude of important public buildings. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tests performed in-situ with a Rebound Hammer, as per EN 12504–2, to estimate the strength of various concrete members, resulted in an average concrete compressive strength of 22.4 MPa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aforementioned tests were carried out in 2019, in the framework of an Independent Graduate Study (CON 510) of the interdisciplinary and interdepartmental MSc program "Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Sites" of the University of Cyprus. Testing was carried out by staff of the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus and by a civil engineering student (Marios Georgiou) of the graduate program.</text>
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                <text>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2022.100071 </text>
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs &amp; The Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber (ΕΤΕΚ)&#13;
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="98">
                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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                <text>St. Mary of Carmel Church</text>
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                <text>The St. Mary of the Armenians Church is situated within the medieval walled city of Famagusta, adjacent the Martinengo Bastion, at close vicinity to other important religious monuments (St. Mary of Carmel Church, Tanner’s Mosque and St. Anne Church of the Maronites). Even though its original name and date of construction are unclear, it might have been built during the 14th century by Armenian refugees from the port of Lajazzo. The Church consists of a single nave and apse roofed by a square groin vault. It is built with a local porous calcarenite rock with the following properties: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 1800 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 30%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (EN 1926): 5.5-13.5 MPa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stone were carried out in 2016, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical properties of the building materials of the Martinengo Cluster Churches in Famagusta, Cyprus. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by the United Nations Development Programme – Partnership for the Future, which is funded by the European Union.</text>
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                  <text>Religious monuments (churches, monasteries, mosques) situated in Cyprus.  </text>
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                  <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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                <text>Tuzla Mosque, Larnaca</text>
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs &amp; The Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber (ΕΤΕΚ)&#13;
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs &amp; The Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber (ΕΤΕΚ)&#13;
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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              <elementText elementTextId="92">
                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs&#13;
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                <text>Tuzla Mosque is situated in the old part of Larnaka (Larnaca) town, behind the ruins of ancient Kition (GPS identification: X: 34.922414, Y: 33.623001). It is one of the oldest mosques in the town, dating back to the Byzantine period. The mosque was originally a Byzantine Orthodox Church, as is confirmed by the wall paintings in the building. In the 12th or 13th century it became the Catholic Church of the Holy Cross, before being eventually turned into a mosque after the Ottoman occupation in 1571. In fact, the minaret is built on the foundations of the original bell tower. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The vast majority of the stone blocks comprising the monument are calcarenites belonging to the Nicosia Geological Formation. Their main properties are summarized below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 1600-1620 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 35-38%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (based on in-situ Schmidt hammer measurements): 4-8 MPa    &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Lime-based, lime-gypsum and gypsum-lime mortars, along with pure gypsum mortars/plasters have also been identified on the monument, following X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) bulk analysis of 12 samples collected in-situ. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stone and mortars/plasters were carried out in 2023, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of Tuzla Mosque. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by Platonas Stylianou &amp;amp; Associates Civil and Structural Engineering L.C.C., on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme – Programme Management Office, which is funded by the European Union and the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH) .</text>
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                  <text>Aqueducts, Watermills and Windmills</text>
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                  <text>Aqueducts, watermills and windmills situated in Cyprus. </text>
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                  <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs &amp; The Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber (ΕΤΕΚ)&#13;
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                  <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs	</text>
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                  <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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              <text>Photo taken by Ioannis Ioannou, University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs</text>
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                <text>Windmill, Limnia </text>
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                <text>The windmill in Limnia/ Mormenekşe, is located at the north outskirts of the village, opposite the Cemal Balses Stadium (GPS identification: X: 35.206433, Y: 33.861008). It is a typical hollow cylindrical tower structure, built in local calcareous stone (calcarenites and limestones).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main properties of the calcarenites are summarized below: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apparent Density (EN 1936): 1710-1850 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Open Porosity (EN 1936): 29-36%&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Compressive Strength (EN 1926): 4.5-10.0 MPa&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
The limestones possess a much denser structure and hence exhibit higher compressive strengths (&amp;gt;20 MPa). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The aforementioned tests for the characterization of the monument's stones were carried out in 2018, in the framework of a combined laboratory and in situ investigation that was conducted to determine the physico-mechanical and mineralogical characteristics of the building materials of the traditional windmill located at Limnia/Mormenekşe. Sampling and testing was assigned to the Building Materials and LEDRA Laboratories of the University of Cyprus by Platonas Stylianou &amp;amp; Associates Civil and Structural Engineering L.C.C., on behalf of the United Nations Development Programme – Partnership for the Future, which is funded by the European Union.</text>
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                <text>University of Cyprus - Ledra and Building Materials Labs &amp; The Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber (ΕΤΕΚ) </text>
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